Zoonotic Disease

Zoonotic Disease Details

Zoonotic Disease Mobile Number 01797522136,01987073965. A zoonotic disease is a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans. This can occur through direct contact with an infected animal, through a vector such as an insect or tick that carries the disease from animals to humans.

Zoonotic Diseases are clearly discussed in some courses like DMA Vet, DMS Vet, Para Vet, and DMDS Vet. These courses are available in the Veterinary Division of HRTD Medical Institute.

Example of zoonotic disease

• Rabies
• Avian influenza
• COVID-19
• Brucellosis
• Bovine Tuberculosis

Common Zoonotic disease found in Asia region

1. Dengue

Dengue is a viral fever infection that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengue is the most common zoonotic disease.

Leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that is commonly transmitted in contact with contaminated water.

Avian influenza

Avian influenza also known as bird flu, is a viral infection that primarily affects birds that can also be transmitted to humans.

Japanese encephalitis

Japanese encephalitis is a viral infection that is transmitted by mosquitoes.

Covid-19

Covid 19 is a Respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus that was first identified in Wuhan, China in 2019. It has since spread rapidly throughout the world and caused a global pandemic.

Nipah Virus

Nipah virus is a Zoonotic disease. Nipa virus is a viral infection transmitted by bats and pigs.

Ebola virus disease

• SARS(severe acute Respiratory Syndrome)
• Brucellosis
• Campylobacteriosis
• Swine flue
• Malaria
• Anaplasmosis
• Babesiosis
• Bovine Tuberculosis
• Giardiasis
• Toxoplasmosis

Prevalence of Zoonotic disease

Epidemic disease

An epidemic refers to the sudden increase in the number of causes of a disease in a particular Geographic area or population. Epidemic can be caused by behavior, the emergence of a new strain of a virus.

Endemic disease

Endemic diseases are usually confined to a specific geographic area or population and are constantly present or have mutual prevalence in that area or population. The endemic diseases can cause significant illness and death but their impact is typically limited to specific regions or groups of people.

Anthrax

Anthrax is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which primarily affects animals but can also humans. The disease can be transmitted to humans through infected animals, inhalation, ingestion of spores, and contact with contaminated animal products.

Mood of transmission Anthrax

Anthrax is primarily a disease of herbivores such as cattle, sheep, and goats. Humans can become infected by handling infected animal products such as hides, meat, and wool.

Inhalation

Anthrax spores can be released into the air during processing of infected animal products.

Ingestion

Ingestion of undercooked contaminated meat can lead to gastrointestinal anthrax.

Clinical features of Anthrax

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Muscles Aches

Treatment of Anthrax

1. Antibiotics:

Such as penicillin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.

2. Antihistamine:

Astavit, histavet dellergen, phenergan. Inhalation Anthrax – Respiratory support such as oxygen therapy/mechanical ventilation.

Prevention of Anthrax:

1. Vaccination programme

2. Use gloves when handling infected animal products.

3. Quick identification and control.

Diagnosis:

Rabies is a fatal Zoonotic disease

Rabies is a viral disease that affects the nervous system and can be fatal if left untreated.

Causal Agent of Rabies:

It is caused by the rabies virus. Mode of transmission: This virus is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, typically through a bite or scratch. This virus can also be transmitted if infected saliva comes into contact with such as the eyes/mouth.

Symptoms/clinical symptoms :

Once the virus enters the body, it travels through peripheral nerves to the brain and spinal cord. Early symptoms of rabies in humans include-

• Fever

• Headache

• Fatigue can progress to anxiety confusion and hallucination. As the disease progresses symptoms such as paralysis, seizure and difficulty swallowing may occur.

Treatment:

PEO→ Post Exposure Prophylaxis which includes a series of infections of the rabbies vaccine and immunoglobulin.

Prevention of Rabies:

Vaccination of domestic and wild animals avoids contact with the wild especially those that are sick/behave abnormally. Wash any wound thoroughly with soap and water if bitten or scratched by an animal.

Avian Influenza Avian Influenza

Avian Influenza: Avian Influenza is a Zoonotic disease. It is also known as bird flu, a viral disease that primarily affects birds but can also be transmitted to humans.

Causal agent: It is caused by several subtypes of the influenza A virus, with H5N1 and H7N9 being the most commonly known subtypes associated with human infections.

Mode of transmission: Avian influenza can be transmitted to humans through close contact with injected birds such as wild birds, or poultry, or through contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.

In rare cases, human-to-human transmission of avian influenza has also been reported but it is not efficient or sustained.

Clinical symptoms:

The clinical symptoms of avian influenza are human can vary but can include

1. Fever

2. Cough

3. Sore throat and

4. Shortness of breath. More severe can lead to

• Pneumonia

Treatment:

There is no specific treatment for avian influenza in humans but antiviral medications such as oseltamivir and zannamivir can be used to treat and prevent complications from the disease. However early treatment is important for best outcomes.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of avian influenza in humans is based on

1. Clinical symptoms

2. Exposure history

3. Laboratory testing

4. Virus Isolation

Prevention:

Prevention of avian influenza includes –

■ Avoid close contact with infected birds especially sick or dead birds.

■ Properly cooking poultry eggs to kill any potential virus

■ Wearing personal protective equipment such as masks and gloves when handling injected birds and their products.

■ Vaccination poultry against avian influenza to prevent outbreaks.

Nipah Virus

Nipah Virus is a zoonotic virus that can cause severe respiratory and neurological disease in both animals and humans.

Causal agent:

It is caused by the Nipah Virus which is a number of the family paramyxoviridae.

Mode of Transmission:

This virus is believed to be transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals especially fruit or pigs or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Human-to-human transmission has been or is also reported in certain outbreaks, especially among close contacts of infected individuals.

Clinical symptoms:

The clinical symptoms of Nipah virus infection can range from mild flu-like symptoms to severe respiratory illness and encephalitis. The symptoms typically appear within 5-14 days after exposure and can include-

• Fever

• Headache

• Muscle pain

• Vomiting